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Abstract
This study presents the design and fabrication of flexible single-electrode hybrid triboelectric nanogenerators (H-TENGs) that integrate photovoltaic effects, utilizing a suspension of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles and citric acid in sanitary silicone rubber as the triboelectric negative material, and E-glass as the positive material when the CuO concentration increased from 0.1% to 0.5% by weight under illumination condition, the open-circuit voltage increased from 52 V to 145 V, the short-circuit current rose from 0.23 mA to 0.54 mA, and the maximum power output surged from 3.25 mW to 42.75 mW. Higher CuO content also reduced internal resistance, shifting the maximum power point from 50 MΩ to 40 MΩ, providing the optimal balance for power generation at 42.75 mW. This research demonstrates the synergistic potential of TENG and photovoltaic technologies, advancing the development of flexible, wearable energy-harvesting devices with applications in biomedical devices, wearable electronics, and environmental monitoring.
